Should the U.S. lower the drinking age to 18 Research Paper - 1

Should the U.S. lower the drinking age to 18 - Research Paper Example Smith (2008) pointed out that â€Å"teenagers have not developed the cognitive, social, and psychological mechanisms that are needed to make thoughtful and logical decisions about alcohol use† (Smith). In other words, people below the age of 21 may not be able to take sound decisions in their life and therefore they should not be allowed to drink. At the same time, many people argue that if an 18 year person is wise enough to elect political leaders, then he should be allowed to take drink at the age of 18. At 20 years old, an American can drive a car, buy cigarettes and pornography, vote for the next leader of the free world, and even die for his or her country by enlisting in the military. But that same person cannot order a beer with friends while watching the game at a sports bar. Because of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, some Americans can put themselves in front of terrorists with machine guns, but not a Heineken† (Blanche). In short, legal drink ag e is a controversial topic in America at present because of the various dimensions attached to this topic. So many arguments were cited in favour and against the lowering of drink age in America. In my opinion, drink age should not be lowered under any circumstances since lowering of drink age can generate so many social, physical and mental problems not only to the drinker but also to the family and society in which he belongs. Seaman Barrett (2005) in his article "How Bingeing Became the New College Sport" argued in favour of lowering drink age from 21 to 18 in America. He has cited many reasons for his argument. â€Å"Pregaming is a common thing in American college campuses which came into existence in the 1990’s. It usually involves sitting in a dorm room or an off-campus apartment and drinking as much hard liquor as possible before heading out for the evening's parties† (Seaman). Parker (2007) also supported the arguments of Seaman. In his opinion, â€Å"because of the ban, instead of drinking in bars or restaurants where there is supervision, it's happening in dorms and dark corners† (Parker). One of the major arguments cited in favour of lowering of drink age to 18 is that non-availability of drinks through legal channels may force the teenagers to get it from illegal sources. Supporters of these arguments are of the view that drinks from illegal sources could be more dangerous and poisonous than the drinks from legal channels. â€Å"Over 80% of adults believe that it is easy for people under the age of 18 to access alcohol in pubs and off-licenses† (Morrissey). It is a fact that antisocial elements can exploit these teenagers for various purposes. However, in my opinion, these arguments are illogical. It is the duty of the government to take necessary actions to punish those who supply liquor illegally. It is meaningless to lower the drink age instead of prohibiting illegal liquor supply. Each year, approximately 5,000 young people under the age of 21 die as a result of underage drinking; this includes about 1,900 deaths from motor vehicle crashes, 1,600 as a result of homicides, 300 from suicide, as well as hundreds from other injuries such as falls, burns, and drowning†(Alcohol Alert). Teenagers during their developmental stages many not be able to take sound decisions. They are not matured enough to take wise decisions for their

Performance Excellence in Business Operations Essay

Performance Excellence in Business Operations - Essay Example A broad strategy involving minimisation of energy use and climate change impact, a reduction in emissions into the environment, better resource management through recycling and avoidance of substances of concern for the automobile is now necessary for the automobile industry. Automakers must ensure acceptance for their products and diversify fuels used for automobiles. Practical implementation of the automobile industry strategy for the future must involve implementation of environmental control systems based on the ISO 14001, greening of production and logistics, consideration of the vehicle life cycle and a reduction in energy used for manufacturing automobiles. Waste recycling, together with a reduction in the use of water for manufacturing and minimisation of harmful products into the environment supports the desired environmental strategy. Design and innovation focusing on fuel efficiency, recycling, reduction in tailpipe emissions, avoidance of substances of concern and use of renewable resources and materials for automobiles must continue to shape and help sustain the future. Major automobile manufacturers around the world continue to emphasise on the previously mentioned efforts to ensure a future for the automobile, but a certain emphasis is lacking for the following: Serious and concerted efforts to design vehicles that operate on stored electric energy, perhaps because this will require a radical departure from the automobile concept as we know it when profits and economics still makes sense. Efforts to make the servicing and maintenance of automobiles present lower environmental impacts. Although legislation now constrains automobile manufacturers to assume responsibility for recycling automobile components and automobiles at the end of service life, manufacturers have avoided presenting clearly how they intend to do this. Thus, it is not yet clear if recycling and reclamation of automobile parts and automobiles will not have complex environmental i mpacts that may exacerbate the environmental impact of the automobile over its life cycle. Contents Part 1: Research Report Introduction 1 Approaches to Environmental Management for the Automobile Industry 2 Operational Aspects of Environmental Management for the Automobile Industry 5 End-of-Life Regulation and Recovery Technology for Automobiles 10 Best Practices for Environmental Management in the Automobile Industry 13 Conclusion 17 Bibliography / References 20 List of Figures Figure 1: Product Environmental Performance Indicators for an Automobile Spare Part 9 Figure 2: Toyota’s Environmental Action Plan 15 Part 2: Personal Reflection on Team Presentations Introduction 27 Reflections 28 Conclusion 32 Bibliography / References 33 (This page intentionally left blank) Part 1: Research Report Introduction In the present day and age, the automotive industry must confront the twin threats of economic and environmental pressures (Wells, 2010, Pp. 1 – 10). According to Wel ls (2010, Pp. 1 – 10), not only is the world now recovering from a burgeoning economic slowdown, but also the pressures imposed on the planet by human activities is now reaching critical levels with threats to the environment and the ecosystem compounding problems. The future presents a broad decline in fossil fuel production and a decline in natural reserves to satisfy the vivacious appetite of humanity. With more than one billion vehicles populating earth, the globe is accelerating towards the

Aqueous Magnetic Fluids Instabilities in a Hele-Shaw Cell

Aqueous Magnetic Fluids Instabilities in a Hele-Shaw Cell M. RÄ‚CUCIU â€Å"Lucian Blaga† University, Faculty of Science, Dr.Ratiu Street, No.5-7, Sibiu, 550024, Romania In this study, it was investigated the interface patterns of two immiscible, viscous fluids into the geometry of a horizontal  Hele-Shaw cell, considering that one of the fluids is an aqueous magnetic fluid. In general, the total energy of a magnetic fluid  system consists of three components: gravitational, surface, and magnetic. For a magnetic fluid into a horizontal Hele-Shaw  cell, the gravitational energy is constant and can be inessential, thus leaving only the surface and magnetic energies. The  interface between two immiscible fluids, one of them with a low viscosity and another with a higher viscosity, becomes  unstable and starts to deform. Dynamic competition in such confined geometry leads finally to the formation of fingering  patterns of a magnetic fluid in a Hele-Shaw cell. The computational study upon the interface instabilities patterns in aqueous  magnetic fluids was accomplished evaluating fractal dimension in finger-type instabilities. Between the fr actal dimension and  experimental instability generation time a correlation was established. (Received January 30, 2009; accepted February 13, 2009) Keywords: Magnetic fluid, Hele-Shaw cell, Viscous finger instability 1. Introduction Magnetic fluids are composed of magnetic, around 10  nm, single-domain particles coated with a molecular  surfactant and suspended in a carrier liquid [1]. Magnetic  fluids confined within Hele-Shaw cell exhibit interesting  interfacial instabilities, like fingering instability. The patterns and shapes formation by diverse physical,  chemical and biological systems in the natural world has  long been a source of fascination for scientists [2]. Interface  dynamics plays a major role in pattern formation. Viscous  fingering occurs in the flow of two immiscible, viscous  fluids between the plates of a Hele-Shaw cell. A magnetic fluid is considered paramagnetic because  the individual nanoparticle magnetizations are randomly  oriented, even the solid magnetic nanoparticles are  ferromagnetic [3]. Due to Brownian motion, the thermal  agitation keeps the magnetic nanoparticles suspended and  the coating prevents the nanoparticles from adhering to  each other. In ionic magnetic fluids coating the magnetic  nanoparticles are replaced one an other by electrostatic  repulsion. Because the magnetic nanoparticles are much  smaller than the Hele-Shaw cell thickness, it may neglect  their particulate properties and it may consider a continuous  paramagnetic fluid. In this study, there was investigated the interface  patterns of two immiscible, viscous fluids into the geometry  of a horizontal Hele-Shaw cell, considering that one of the  fluids is an aqueous magnetic fluid. In general, the total energy of a magnetic fluid system  consists of three components: gravitational, surface, and  magnetic. For a magnetic fluid into a horizontal Hele-Shaw  cell, the gravitational energy is constant and can be  inessential, thus leaving only the surface and magnetic  energies. The interface between two immiscible fluids, one of  them with a low viscosity and another with a higher  viscosity, becomes unstable and starts to deform. Dynamic  competition in such confined geometry leads finally to the  formation of fingering patterns of a magnetic fluid in a  two-dimensional geometry (Hele-Shaw cell) [4-5]. Due to pressure gradients or gravity, the separation  interface of the two immiscible, viscous fluids undergoes  on to Saffman-Taylor instability [6] and develops  finger-like structures. The Saffman-Taylor instability is a  widely studied example of hydrodynamic pattern formation  where interfacial instabilities evolve. The computational study upon the interface  instabilities patterns in aqueous magnetic fluids was carried  out by evaluating the fractal dimension in finger-type  instabilities. 2. Experimental Aqueous magnetic fluids used in this study have been  prepared in our laboratory, by applying the chemical  precipitation method. In table I are presented the aqueous  magnetic fluid samples used in this experimental study. Table 1. The magnetic fluid samples used in this study (d –  physical diameter of the magnetic nanoparticles,  constituents of the magnetic fluid samples). Aqueous magnetic fluids instabilities in a Hele-Shaw cell In this paper, it studies the interface between two  immiscible fluids and with different viscosities, one of  them with a low viscosity and with magnetic properties  (aqueous magnetic fluid) and another with a higher  viscosity and non-magnetic (65% aqueous glycerin), when  the instability pattern diameter increased in time, instability  structure became more and more complex. The splitting of  the main finger streamer was occurred in time, determining  the irregularity increasing. For each instant image obtained  was computed the fractal dimension. a less viscous fluid is injected into a more viscous one in a  2D geometry (Hele Shaw cell). Fig. 1 shows a Hele-Shaw cell, used in this experiment,  with its two plates of plastic separated by cover microscope  slides placed in each corner of the cell, having the same  thickness about 300 micrometers. The used fluids are  injected through the center hole. Fig. 2. The finger instability dynamics for aqueous  magnetic liquid stabilized with citric acid (A2 sample). Between the fractal dimension and experimental  instability generation time a linear correlations were  established for all magnetic fluid samples used in this study  (correlation coefficient, R2, 0.962). In Fig. 3 is presented  the dynamics of the fractal dimension during the surface  image recording, for A1 magnetic fluid sample. Fig. 1. Hele- Shaw cell used in this experimental study. In the experiment firstly was injected aqueous glycerin  through the central hole to fill the cell. After the cell was  filled with glycerin, the magnetic fluid was injected. The  surface image recordings were made with a digital camera. The computational study upon the interface  instabilities patterns between aqueous magnetic fluids and  glycerin was accomplished evaluating fractal dimension in  finger-type instabilities. The fractal analysis was carried out  using the box-counting method [7] as a computational  algorithm. In order to apply box-counting method the  surface images were analyzed following the HarFA 5.0  software steps, computing the fractal dimension of the each  image. Fig. 3. The dynamics of the fractal dimension in the A1  magnetic fluid sample  case, stabilized with 3. Results and discussion The computational study was accomplished on three  sets of images, for aqueous magnetic fluids analyzed in this  study, representing finger instabilities developed between  two immiscible fluids and with different viscosities. In Fig. 2 are presented the finger instability dynamics  for aqueous magnetic liquid stabilized with citric acid (A2  sample), having a radial symmetry between the fluids  injected in the Hele-Shaw cell (glycerin and magnetic  fluid).From images shown in Fig. 2 it may be observed that  tetrametilamoniu hydroxide. Also, between the fractal dimension and physical  diameter of the magnetic nanoparticles, constituents of the  magnetic fluid sample, a correlation was established (a  linear regression with a correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.926). In Fig. 4 it may be observed that for increasing physical  diameter of the magnetic nanoparticles was obtained a  decreased fractal dimension, after a flow time of magnetic fluids about 9 seconds. 134 Fig. 4. Graphical dependence of fractal dimension in  function of physical diameter of the magnetic  nanoparticles, constituents of the magnetic fluid samples  analyzed in this study. M. Răcuciu within the Hele-Shaw cell about 7 seconds. In the Saffman-Taylor instability, if a forward bump is  formed on the interface between the fluids, it enhances the  pressure gradient and the local interface velocity. Because  the velocity of a point on the interface is proportional to the  local pressure gradient, the bump grows faster than other  parts on the interface. On the other hand, the effect of  surface tension competes with this diffusive instability. Surface tension operates to reduce the pressure at highly  curved parts of an interface, and sharp bumps are forced  back. Thus, as a result we have the formation of the viscous  finger instabilities. The fractal dimension based analysis proposed in this  paper of the aqueous magnetic fluid instability is intended  to lead to further mathematical modeling of finger  instabilities patterns focused on non-linearity of the  magnetic fluid-non-magnetic fluid interface stability. A linear correlation (correlation coefficient, R2, 0.988)  was established between the fractal dimension and  viscosity value of the magnetic fluid samples used In Fig. 5  it may be observed that for increased viscosity value of the  magnetic fluid was observed increasing the fractal  dimension of the interface fluids instability structure. Fig. 5. Linear correlation between fractal dimension and  magnetic fluid viscosity value. Table 2. Correlation coefficient and standard deviation to  the fractal dimension calculation after a flow time of  magnetic fluids within the Hele-Shaw cell about 7  seconds. 4. Conclusions In this paper it was investigated the flow of two  immiscible, viscous fluids in the confined geometry of a  Hele-Shaw cell. It may conclude that the fractal dimension values of the  finger instabilities pattern images are direct proportional  with the magnetic fluid viscosity value and instability  generation time, while with the physical diameter of the  magnetic nanoparticles constituents of the magnetic fluid a  linear negative dependence was evidenced. The next theoretical analysis step will follow the  developing of a convenient model to describe the  non-magnetic fluid influence on magnetic fluid surface  stability. References [1] P. S. Stevens, Patterns in Nature, Little Brown, Boston  (1974). [2] S.S. Papel, Low viscosity magnetic fluid obtained by  the colloidal suspension of magnetic particles. US  Patent 3, 215, 572 (1965). [3] R. E. Rosensweig, Ferrohydrodynamics, Cambridge  University Press, Cambridge (1985). [4] C. Tang, Rev. Mod. Phys., 58, 977 (1986). [5] D. Bensimon, L. P. Kadanoff, S. Liang, B. I. Shraiman,  C. Tang, Rev.Mod. Phys., 58, 977 (1986). [6] P. G. Saffman, G. I. Taylor, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser.  A, 245, 312 (1958). [7] T. Tel, A. Fulop, T. Vicsek, Determination of Fractal  Dimension for Geometrical Multifractals, Physica A,  159, 155-166 (1989). ________________________ * In Table 2 the fractal dimension value, correlation  coefficient and standard deviation to the fractal dimension  calculation, for all magnetic fluid samples used in this experimental study after a flow time of magnetic fluids

Natures Superb Artistry: Angels Camp :: Free Descriptive Essay About A Place

Nature's Superb Artistry: Angels Camp The reason for my trip to the caverns in Angels Camp is not glorious or inspirational. My husband, Joe, and I own a timeshare and we had to use up some of our points or lose them. We usually go to places on the beach or skiing resorts. Unfortunately those resorts were not available on such short notice. Therefore, we were stuck with going to Angels Camp. I began doing some research on Angels Camp, looking for some exciting things we could do there. Yet, I wasn't thrilled by what I found. There were only a few entertainment choices and most of them sounded boring and strictly for senior citizens. We could pan for gold, visit caverns or participate in the annual Grape Stomp. I had prepared myself for the reality of a laid back, uneventful weekend. Thankfully, I was proven wrong. By the time we left the sleepy town of Angels Camp, population 3,000, we vowed that we would be back soon. We had a wonderful, down home, friendly experience. Everyone that we encountered was pleasant and welc oming, the food was great and the caverns were amazing. We even enjoyed watching people pull up their pants and use their feet to stomp grapes. Angels Camp has a magical, inviting spirit. The main street is about two blocks long and it looks like a scene from an old western movie. There are even a few old time saloons. The forest surrounding Angels Camp was beautiful and invigorating. When I was walking around outside, I took a deep breath and was exhilarated by the smell of pine trees. The shops were quaint and the shopkeepers/owners took the time to personally get to know each customer. Overall, the atmosphere and surroundings of Angels Camp were one of a kind. The locals seemed proud of their caverns and encouraged us to visit them. Joe is somewhat of a Discovery Channel freak and he figured this would be his chance to participate in an exploration similar to the ones he had seen on T.V. As we drove up the long, winding road towards the cavern, we had no idea what to expect. When we pulled into the driveway all that we could see was a small parking lot and a wooden cabin about the size of a small house. I was looking everywhere for the cavern, but it was nowhere in sight.

The Female Economy: Article Review

Citation Silverstein, M. J. , and Sayre, K. (2009, September). The Female Economy. Harvard Business Review. Summary The article begins by stating that â€Å"women now drive the world economy. † It goes on to discuss how women now represent a large portion of consumer spending, and that portion is expected to grow. Silverstein and Sayre discuss how companies are not taking seriously the fact that they may not have the best strategy when it comes to marketing towards the female market. They underestimate or flat out ignore the female consumer. Dell is used as an example of such companies. The article discusses Dell’s failed attempt market laptops specifically to women. In May of 2009, it launched Della website, complete with a â€Å"make it pink† motto and topics based on female stereotypes. Instead of appealing to the women, it actually caused an uproar among them. Women felt the site was condescending. They posted blogs everywhere expressing their disgust towards the site. Even though Dell was quick to react to making the necessary corrections, Silverstein and Sayre question why their marketers failed to see the potential problems before the site went up. The authors then discuss a 2008 study conducted by the Boston Consulting Group. More than 12,000 different women in all areas of life were asked 120 questions about their finances, education, careers, relationships, activities and hobbies, fears, and also their spending patterns and shopping behavior. The study revealed that women were grossly underserved and there was lots of room for improvement. They continue to be undervalued even though they have great market power and social position. Women have many demands on them juggling work, family, and home, and few companies have taken action on their need for products and services designed specifically for women and for time saving solutions. Reaction Companies need to realize and understand the buying power that females possess. They represent one of the largest market opportunities ever. Until recently, companies believed their marketing strategies were equally effective to women and men. That proved to be an incorrect assumption. Women approach big ticket purchasing completely differently than men do. They base their decisions on a different set of perceptions, priorities and preferences. Companies should be combining insight on female gender culture with solid marketing know-how and develop strategies that attract women’s business. Effectively targeting women leads to higher customer satisfaction among both men and women. Companies like BMW, Wyndham Hotels and Merrill Lynch have found that improvements designed to enhance brand appeal among women actually deliver greater customer satisfaction among men, too. When you meet the expectations of women, companies  exceed the expectations of men. Marketing to women delivers a better return on the marketing dollar through both greater opportunity and greater impact. While in many categories the traditional male targets are saturated, the corresponding women’s segments are untapped and virtually uncontested by competition. The authors effectively bring to light the wrong approach that companies are taking when it comes to marketing to women. Simply adding pink to the campaign, which many companies erroneously do, will not suffice. They need to go back to the drawing boards. Services and products need to fill the gap. Companies need to aim their marketing efforts to women by seeing them as employees, managers, investors, and buyers.

Conformity and Obedience Essay

Compliance means doing what other people in our social standing do in our daily lives. Most people, in most social groups, conform in everyday things like speech, dress codes, eating habits etc. This kind of conformity is known as ‘’Social control’’- the numerous pressure as individuals grow turns them from babies into members of our society. The main agencies of social control are the family, the peer group, the media, religion, employment and the law. All of these encourage conformity of one kind or another. The conformity types of behaviour are called ‘’social norms’’ Social norms; these are the normal types of behaviour in normal social groups * Age groups * Colleges and classes in college * People of same social economic background * Women/Men * Ethnic groups The role of self-esteem in Conformity; Low self-esteem is linked to feelings of insecurity. Research has tended to show that people with low self-esteem, or low feelings of security, are most likely to be the people that would conform. It is believed that those with low self-esteem can increase their sense of personal security if they belong to a group and adopting its norms because there is ‘’safety in numbers’’ Self-esteem is related to how a person has been brought up, academical performance and to economic and family background. The relevance of conformity in the uniformed public services: The uniformed public services encourage conformity among their members in various ways: Uniform and rank structures, working in teams, espirit de corps, and by having social clubs, sports clubs, and other activities which encourage individuals to mix and socialise outside working hours. The message from the uniformed public services is that conformity is a good thing for their image and for the work of each service. Conformity can be used to be a strong bonding force in the uniformed public services, but if it becomes to strong then this can sometimes lead to problems. In a diverse csociety people are different, and they are usuall quite proud of their differeences, it is what makes them unique. People criticse the public services because they feel that to many of the services have too many white males. In general they are good at their jobs, but they tend to be full of themselves and have that â€Å"bullish† attitude. This means that they have become less welcoming to the female or ethnic minority recruits, aswell as gays and lesbians. The feeling is that these men have been conforming one another so that they exclude everbody else and this they hope will put off new recruits. Obedience basically means the act of carrying out an order As a practice, it means that orders are carried out regularly and that these orders are carried out with dependence. As a quality, it is a habit that people develop that allows them to follow orders without delay and without complaint. Obedience differs from conformity. When someone conforms, they do something without being asked to do it. E. g. An officer who would wear their uniform on duty. Where as, when someone obeys, they do what they are told to. E. g. A soldier following an order to shoot somebody. Following orders; In thte uniformed public services being able to follow orders quickly and promptly is an absolute must. This does not mean that employees are robots and do exactly what they are told all the time, but the short of it is whenever an order has to be obeyed then it has to be obeyed. Due to this reason, people who are not able or prepared to follow an order, are not likely to be employed in the uniformed public services. Even though employees in the uniformed public services have an obligation to follow orders, the people giving the orders have an obligation to give orders that are reasonable and are justified. Orders are part of the general drive towards discipline orders help to give the uniform services structure and keep everything intact. Conscious and unconscious obedience; Those who have very little experience in following orders join a uniformed public service may have problems following orders and may have to make themselves do so. Though after a while it may become very natural to them and they just get used to obeying to orders. The move from having conscious to unconscious obedience. In order to be a public servant the uniformed public services stress that a servant has both conscious and unconscious bedience. the first so work id done in a discipline and organized manner. The second in emergencies were instinct and instant response is needed. Unconscious obedience is not the same as blind obedience. Compliance; Compliance is doing something that other people want you to do. Though sometimes like â€Å"compliance with common practices† this is seen as conformity. In other contexts such as â€Å"compliance with an order† this will mean obedience. Depending on the context, compliance can have different meanings, compliance could be willing or it could obedience in which the person is happy to follow orders. Some feel that compliance is forced upon people. Compliance also means to obedient to rules, regulations and laws. Within the uniform services willing, cheerful obedience is good because it suggests that the team is happy and working well. Status as a factor in obedience The same is in the uniformed public services as in life, if an order is giving it is more likely to be obeyed by someone if the person giving the order is of a higher status. In the uniformed services status usually will mean rank, and orders will most of the time come from the higher ranks to the lower ranks. Those at lower ranks only really get to suggest ideas. Though someone times exceptions will occur to the norm of higher telling lower what to do. For example if someone is an expert in an area they will be given temporary authority. Therefore for that short period the expert is the boss. This might be seen in a road traffic accident where the police would be the one with the higher status until the vehicles become on fire then the Fire service become the bosses because they are the experts. Influences These factors can change the nature of the orders or how they are received by individuals. Fear – This is fear of punishment, of loss of rank, physical beating or of peer-group ridicule. All of these may contribute to people obeying orders that they would not normally obey. Fear of a person (e. g. a commanding officer) should not be the motivating factor for obeying orders. If an individual is following orders due to fear this would suggest that there is some form of harrasment, poor team relationships or levels of understanding are bad. These are potential serious problems iin the Uniformed Public services. The likes of bullying can be a serious problem and can face people with leaving, driven to depression or even taking their own lives. Reward- Rewards are used as an incentive to follow orders, but should only take the form of appraisal, and not gifts. Giving rewards that would be considered obvious lays those handing them out to be seen as having favourites or corrupted. As everyone is to be considered equals favouritism in the Uniformed Public Service is not something that is illegal. Love- Love can sometimes mean intense admiration for some. For e. g. Soldiers may get very close to each during hard times and begin to consider people like a family member. This may also love their country. This type of love can make people be highly obedient and can sometimes lead to self-sacrifice. Sexual love or falling in love can happen in the uniformed public services, and can be seen as bad for obedience as love can blind people. This is why women were not allowed in the armed forces and so were homosexuals until 2000. It was felt that love undermined service discipline. Respect- Within the uniformed public services there are two types of respect: * Respect due to rank- e. g. saluting a senior officer * Personal respect for individuals. Both act as a stimulus for obedience and conformity and do so without undermining authority.